Perimenopause, also known as the menopausal transition, is a natural and normal part of a woman's life. It refers to the years leading up to menopause, which is defined as the point at which a woman has not had a menstrual period for 12 consecutive months. Perimenopause typically begins in a woman's 40s but can start as early as the mid-30s. During perimenopause, the body's production of estrogen and progesterone, two hormones essential to a woman's reproductive system, begins to decline. This decline can cause a range of symptoms, including hot flashes, night sweats, mood swings, sleep disturbances, vaginal dryness,...
Early menopause affects around 5% of women aged 40 to 45, yet it is frequently misdiagnosed or dismissed. Surgical menopause — triggered by removal of both ovaries — can occur at any age and brings an abrupt loss of both oestrogen and testosterone. This article combines a first-person account of early and surgical menopause with a clinical overview of causes, health risks, and the importance of comprehensive hormone testing. Whether your menopause arrived early, unexpectedly, or surgically, understanding your hormone status is the essential first step towards effective, personalised treatment.
Heavy periods affect millions of women, yet the underlying causes are frequently misunderstood or left unaddressed. From oestrogen and progesterone imbalances to structural issues such as fibroids and adenomyosis, there are several well-established reasons why menstrual bleeding can become excessive. This article explains the physiology of the menstrual cycle, the most common causes of heavy periods, and how hormone testing can help identify what is driving your symptoms — so you can take informed steps towards better menstrual health.
The Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) trial cast a long shadow over hormone replacement therapy — but it enrolled women well over a decade past menopause. Two newer trials, ELITE and KEEPS, specifically studied HRT started early in the postmenopausal period. Their findings on cardiovascular health, sexual function, sleep, mood and cognition paint a more nuanced and encouraging picture. Here is what the latest research shows.
Hormonal contraception suppresses ovarian function, which means saliva and blood spot hormone test results will appear artificially low — but this doesn’t mean hormone levels at the tissue level are low. This guide explains how to interpret hormone test results correctly when using the pill, patch, ring or IUD, and when to collect your sample for the most meaningful data.
